Thursday, July 13, 2017

What is a Lok Adalat?

Lok Adalat is a forum where the disputes/cases pending in the court of law or at pre-litigation stage are settled/ compromised amicably. The Lok Adalat has been given statutory status5 under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987. Under the said Act, the award made by the Lok Adalat is deemed to be the decree of a civil court and is final and binding on all parties and no appeal lies before any court against its award.
The problem of unmanaged backlog of cases, mounting arrears and inordinate delay in disposal of cases in Courts at all levels lowest to the highest coupled with exorbitant expenses have undoubtedly attracted the attention of not only the lawyers, litigants, social activists, legal academics, legislature, judiciary but also everyone concerned with judicial reforms. The sole governing consideration, therefore, how to reduce the delay in disposal of cases, make the system resilient by removing its stratification, making the system less formal and truly inexpensive so as to bring justice within the reach of the poor.
Nature of cases to be referred to Lok Adalat
1. Any case pending before any court
2. Any dispute which has not been brought before any court and is likely to be filed before the court
Provided that any matter relating to an offence not compoundable under the law shall not be settled in Lok Adalat.
How to get the case referred to the Lok Adalat for settlement?
A) Case pending before the court:
1. If the parties agree to settle the dispute in Lok Adalat or
2. One of the parties makes an application to the court or
3. The court is satisfied that that the matter is an appropriate one for settlement in Lok Adalat
B) Any dispute at pre-litigative stage
The State Legal Services Authority or District Legal Services Authority as the case may be on receipt of an application from any one of the parties to any pre-litigation stage matter refer such matter to the Lok Adalat for amicable settlement.
Why should you opt for Lok Adalat?
1. There is no court fee and if the court fee is already paid at the time of institution of the case such amount will be refunded to the concerned party if the dispute is resolved by the Lok Adalat. The dispute are settled without bearing any expenses by the parties.
2. Lok Adalats are empowered to settles the both kind of matters which are already pending before courts and which are at pre-litigation stage. The parties have an opportunity to bring the dispute before this institution at any time irrespective of whether the case is instituted in the court of law or not.
3. The procedure followed by Lok Adalat is simple, flexible, non-technical and informal. There is no strict application of procedural laws like Civil Procedure Code and Evidence Act while determining the claims of the parties by Lok Adalat.
4. The lawyers are not essential to be appeared during the conciliation process of Lok Adalat. However, they can assist the Lok Adalat in its proceeding by helping the parties to understand contentious issues and available alternatives and can persuade them to arrive at a settlement of the dispute.
5. It dispenses justice to the disputants through collaborative and participatory efforts of lawyers, law teachers, judges, administrative authorities and social workers who actively participate in the resolution of the dispute by discussion, counselling, persuasion, conciliation and humane approach.
6. Lok Adalat provides justice speedily to the parties, generally, when it resolve the cases in a single day. In this sense it helps to reduce the huge arrears in courts of law.
7. The award of Lok Adalat is final and binding. There are no further appeals, revisions or review applications. Therefore, the dispute ordinarily comes to an end.
8. The Lok Adalat system helps to create awareness among the people about their rights and duties mentioned in numerous social and welfare legislations. Lok Adalats are organized at various places such as villages, slum areas, industrial areas, labour colonies, towns and in jails, etc. In this way, it takes justice at the door-steps of the people.
9. The Lok Adalat settle the dispute on the basis of compromise and in the spirit of 'give and take'. Thus, there is neither a victor nor a vanquished and both the contestants are gainers and winners. They leave the premises smiling with no rancor or ill feeling for the other which ultimately leads to happiness and well-being of the society. So, the drive behind the Lok Adalat is the roused consciousness of the community to prevent disruption of local unity and to secure substantial equity and social justice, in a mood of human solidarity.
Permanent Lok Adalat
Permanent Lok Adalat has to be established by the National legal Services Authority or the State Legal Services Authorities. It shall have three members; the Chairman, who is or has been a District Judge or an Additional District Judge or has held a judicial office higher in rank than that of a District Judge and two other members having adequate experience in public utility service. Such persons shall be appointed by the State or the Central Authority, as the case may be, upon nomination by the respective Governments. But at the same time, such nomination shall be on the recommendation of the Central or the State authority. Section 22-C (3) provides that when an application is filed written statements with appropriate proof, including documents and other evidence. Copies of documents produced and statements made by the parties shall be given to each other. Therefore, PLA shall conduct conciliation proceedings between the parties to bring about an amicable settlement to the dispute. It is the primary duty of PLA as per Section 22-C (4). While conducting such conciliation proceedings, it is incumbent on the members of PLA to assist the parties to reach an amicable settlement.
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Wednesday, July 12, 2017

APPLICATION FOR RERA REGISTRATION

Ø Application of registration u/s4 to be made as per the Form ‘A’ prescribed under Rule 3(3) and along with the same declaration has to be filled in Form ‘B’ as per Rule 3(6).
Ø The concept of 70:30 is mentioned in section 4(2)(i)(d).
Ø Registration is guaranteed under section 5.
Ø Registration can be revoked u/s 7.
Registration and obligation of real estate
Ø As per RERA it now mandatory that real estate agents selling the premises in Real estate project have to register u/s9 by complying as per the form ‘G’ prescribed under Rule 11(2)
Ø As per Rule 12(4) the registration shall be valid for period of 5years.
Ø The provision for renewal in respect of Real estate agent should not be done as per Rule 13.
Ø There are various obligation caused on Real estate agent under Rule 14
Ø Revocation of registration of breach of provision mentioned in Rule15.
Ø As per the Rule 16 Real estate agents has to maintain and preserves separate books, accounts, documents. 70% of realization from allottees in a separate bank account
1.    The Act mandates that a promoter shall deposit 70% of the amount realized from the allottees, from time to time, in a separate account to be maintained in a scheduled bank. This is intended to cover the cost of construction and the land cost and the amount deposited shall be used only for the concerned project.
2.    The promoter shall be entitled to withdraw the amounts from the separate account, to cover the cost of the project, in proportion to the percentage of completion of the project. However, such withdrawal can only be made after it is certified by an engineer, an architect and chartered accountant in practice that the withdrawal is in proportion to the percentage of completion of the project
3.    The promoter is also required to get his accounts audited within six months after the end of every financial year by a practicing chartered accountant. , Further, he is required to produce a statement of accounts duly certified and signed by such chartered accountant, and it shall be verified during the audit that (i) the amounts collected for a particular project have been utilised for the project; and (ii) the withdrawal has been in compliance with the proportion to the percentage of completion of the project.
The application for registration must disclose the following information:
Ø Details of the promoter (such as its registered address, type of enterprise such proprietorship, societies, partnership, companies, competent authority)’.
Ø A brief detail of the projects launched by the promoter, in the past five years, whether already completed or being developed, as the case may be, including the current status of the projects, any delay in its completion, details of cases pending, details of type of land and payments pending.
Ø An authenticated copy of the approval and commencement certificate received from the competent authority and where the project is proposed to be developed in phases, an authenticated copy of the approval and commencement certificate of each of such phases.
Ø The sanctioned plan, layout plan and specifications of the project, plan of development works to be executed in the proposed project and the proposed facilities to be provided thereof and the locational details of the project.
Ø Performa of the allotment letter, agreement for sale and conveyance deed proposed to be signed with the allottees.
Ø Number, type and carpet area of the apartments and the number and areas of garages for sale in the project.
Ø The names and addresses of the promoter's real estate agents, if any, and contractors, architects, structural engineers affiliated with the project.
A declaration by the promoter supported by an affidavit stating that:
Ø He has a legal title to the land, free from all encumbrances, and in case there is an encumbrance, then details of such encumbrances on the land including any right, title, interest or name of any party in or over such land along with the details;
Ø The time period within which he undertakes to complete the project or the phase; and
Ø 70% of the amounts realised for the real estate project from the allottees, from time to time, shall be deposited in a separate account to be maintained in a scheduled bank to cover the cost of construction and the land cost and shall be used only for that purpose.
DUTIES OF PROMOTER
Ø Upon receiving the login id and password Promoter has to create his web page on the website of the authority
Ø To enter all the details of the proceed project on his web page
Ø Once in three months the promoter has to update the data on web page in respect of booking status, approvals, status of the project etc..
Ø Advertising material should reflect should the registration details of the promoter.
Ø Promoter has to abide by all the obligation under section 11(3) at time of time of booking
Ø As per the section 12 promoters will solely responsible for on regards as the advertisement of prospectus.
Ø As per section 13 promoter cannot accept more than 10% of the cost of apartment without executing the contract.(in MOFA it is used to be 20 %)
Ø As per section 15 promoters cannot transfer the Real estate project to the third party without obtaining the consent 2/3rd of the allotters.
Ø  As per section 16 promoters has to insure Real estate projects in respect of land and building and construction of Real Estate project.
Ø As per s.17 promoter has to transfer the title when the norms are fulfilled for its transfer.(this done with help of amendment of land titling bill 2010 which gives the entire mechanism of land titling
 BENEFITS OF THE CUSTOMER
The Authority shall in order to facilitate the growth and promotion of a healthy, transparent, efficient and competitive real estate sector make recommendations to the appropriate Government of the competent authority, as the case may be, on,—
(a) protection of interest of the allottees, promoter and real estate agent;
(b) creation of a single window system for ensuring time bound project approvals and clearances for timely completion of the project;
(c) creation of a transparent and robust grievance redressal mechanism against acts of ommission and commission of competent authorities and their officials;
(d) measures to encourage investment in the real estate sector including measures to increase financial assistance to affordable housing segment;
(e) measures to encourage construction of environmentally sustainable and affordable housing, promoting standardisation and use of appropriate construction materials, fixtures, fittings and construction techniques;
(f) measures to encourage grading of projects on various parameters of development including grading of promoters;
 (g) measures to facilitate amicable conciliation of disputes between the promoters and the allottees through dispute settlement forums set up by the consumer or promoter
associations;
(h) measures to facilitate digitization of land records and system towards conclusive property titles with title guarantee;
(i) to render advice to the appropriate Government in matters relating to the development of real estate sector;
(j) any other issue that the Authority may think necessary for the promotion of the real estate sector.
CIVIL COMPLAINT
No civil court shall have jurisdiction to entertain any suit or proceeding in respect of any matter which the Authority or the adjudicating officer or the Appellate Tribunal is empowered by or under this Act to determine and no injunction shall be granted by any court or other authority in respect of any action taken or to be taken in pursuance of any power conferred by or under this Act.
 (1) No court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under this Act or the rules or regulations made there under save on a complaint in writing made by the Authority or by any officer of the Authority duly authorised by it for this purpose.
(2) No court inferior to that of a Metropolitan Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of the first class shall try any offence punishable under this Act.
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Tuesday, July 11, 2017

SHOULD INDIAN LAWYERS BE ALLOWED TO WORK ON CONTINGENCY

The Bar Council of India prohibits advocates from charging fees to their clients contingent on the results of litigation or pay a percentage or share of the claims awarded by the Court. Bar Council of India Rules: Part VI, Chapter II, Section II, Rule 20 which reads as under:
“20. An advocate shall not stipulate for a fee contingent on the results of litigation or agree to share the proceeds thereof.”
Many have the misconception that the reason why lawyers do not work on a contingency basis is that such an agreement between the lawyer and client would be a wagering one, and therefore are void. Apart from the Bar Council Rules which have expressly prohibited it, in the landmark case of Ganga Ram v. Devi Das, 61 P.R. (1907), such an agreement was held to be void for being against public policy and also against professional ethics
 However, although prohibited, in several cases, especially those before the lower Courts, clients are charged on the percentage of claim amount that the lawyer is able to recover. However, the practice though prevalent, has hardly led to disputes and is can seldom be proved. Reason being that the contingency agreement is always oral and highly informal. It must be remembered that such an agreement is not only void but also would lead to the lawyer facing disciplinary action by the Bar Council and a chance of losing one’s license to practice at the Bar.
Contingency fees exist in the civil realm because the attorney "attaches" their fee to the resulting award; if there is no award, there is no fee. Many states also bar attorneys from taking divorce cases on contingency for similar reasons -- there's not an "award" but rather a separation of property. Further, it's an ethical issue that could result in the attorney preferring a plea bargain over going to trial, in order to further their interest in securing payment from the client, rather than taking the client's best interest. This isn't as much of a concern in the civil realm, because someone's not going to prison; they're just settling a dispute between private parties.
The main reason for the express prohibition in the Bar Council of India Rules is probably because lawyers must not be allowed to have ulterior interests in the outcome of the case. They are considered to be of a ‘noble profession’, and are officers of the Court. Their main objective must be Justice and not financial gain.
 If they were interested in the matter, they might adopt unfair means or allow their emotions to get the best of them. Sometimes, the Court may grant an alternate remedy then the one paid for, which the contingency agreement does not cover. In such case it is difficult to determine the lawyer’s fee. This may lead to unimaginable amount of disputes between lawyer and client.
Although theoretically this may seem like a very good reasoning, but in practice the Contingency Fee system is a boon to poor clients. There must be several people in India, who even though they have been wronged, do not take legal action because of the legal expenses and the fear that even after somehow being able to meet those expenses, still losing the suit. If the abovementioned rule is removed from the Bar Council of India Rules, then this transaction can be developed. Written and formal documents can come into existence with clear cut clauses for every possible outcome, as well as whether out-of-pocket expenses are also to be paid are also contingent
K.L. GAUBA VS UNKNOWN
This is an application under our disciplinary jurisdiction against Mr. K. L. Gauba. It came to the notice of this Court that Mr. Gauba, who is an advocate of this Court, had entered into an agreement with his client, one Amarnath Bhardwaj, which appeared to be champertous and this Court took the view that the circumstances under which the said agreement had been entered into and the terms of the agreement itself called for an investigation under the disciplinary jurisdiction, and so it was decided to refer this case to the Bar Council.
Accordingly, on May 1, 1953, the learned Chief justice appointed three members of the Bar Council to constitute a Tribunal under Section 11 of the Bar Councils Act for inquiring into this case. Notice of the intended inquiry was served on Mr. Gauba in due course. He appeared before the Bar Council Tribunal, gave his explanation on July 10 and filed an additional statement on August 6, 1953. The matter was then heard by the Members of the Tribunal and they made the report on December 16, 1953. The Tribunal has held that the respondent had entered into an agreement with the client that he should be given half of the profits of the litigation in case of success and this in the opinion of the Tribunal amounted to professional misconduct. After this report was received, notice of the hearing of the present application was served on Mr. Gauba and the matter has thus come before us for final disposal.
It would thus seem that the American decisions are based upon the statutory law upon the subject as obtaining in America. In India, however, we have got the provisions ofSection 23 of the Indian Contract Act according to which the agreements like the agreement in this case being against public policy must be deprecated. I, therefore, agree with my learned brother that Mr. Gauba's conduct in this case was grossly unprofessional and most objectionable
Law Commission fails    
The Law Commission of India has failed to address the issue of excessive litigation cost in the country which is predominantly the result of unfair levy of fees by lawyers. In its 240th report (May 2012), the commission examined several state rules on fees and strangely, pleaded for enhancement of fees! According to the report, fee prescribed in the rules is ‘so meager’.  
Rules do not cover all types of cases or courts and, therefore, the major varieties of fee are outside their ambit. Levying of fee by lawyers in India is not by and large governed by any rules at all, and even in areas covered by the rules, as in civil litigation, they are honored only in their breach.  
Ø The public view of eminence in advocacy also needs to be changed.
The artificial and luxurious misconceptions about professional greatness need to be exposed and fairness in fixation of remuneration recaptured. While recognising the labour behind research, travel and homework, the litigant also should be guaranteed fairness in dealings. We are yet to realise the significance of proper guidance and genuine legal consultation. It is reasonable to charge for a fair advice after due consultation than charging exorbitantly for a fruitless litigation based on an erroneous or casual advice.
The country should change its litigation habits. More egalitarian and sophisticated methods of dispute resolution like arbitration and conciliation are to be encouraged in areas ranging from business to matrimonial disputes. The iron wall between legal profession and society is only to be smashed and the profession demystified. There is a real need to evolve a national movement for fair advocacy which should take in lawmen as well as laymen from all the states. 
Types of Legal Fees:-
The type of fee arrangement that you make with your lawyer will have a significant impact on how much you will pay for the services. Legal fees depend on several factors, including the amount of time spent on your problem; the lawyer's ability, experience, and reputation; the novelty and difficulty of the case; the results obtained; and costs involved. There will be other factors such as the lawyer's overhead expenses (rent, utilities, office equipment, computers, etc.) that may affect the fee charged.
There are several common types of fee arrangements used by lawyers:
  • Consultation Fee: The lawyer may charge a fixed or hourly fee for your first meeting where you both determine whether the lawyer can assist you. Be sure to check whether you will be charged for this initial meeting.
  • Contingency Fees: The lawyer's fee is based on a percentage of the amount awarded in the case. If you lose the case, the lawyer does not get a fee, but you will still have to pay expenses. Contingency fee percentages vary. A one-third fee is common. Some lawyers offer a sliding scale based on how far along the case has progressed before it is settled. Courts may set a limit on the amount of a contingency fee a lawyer can receive. This type of fee arrangement may be charged in personal injury cases, property damage cases, or other cases where a large amount of money is involved. Lawyers may also be prohibited from making contingency fee arrangements in certain kinds of cases such as criminal and child custody matters. Contingency fee arrangements are typically not available for divorce matters, if you are being sued, or if you are seeking general legal advice such as the purchase or sale of a business.
  • Flat Fees: A lawyer charges a specific, total fee. A flat fee is usually offered only if your case is relatively simple or routine such as a will or an uncontested divorce.
  • Hourly Rate: The lawyer will charge you for each hour (or portion of an hour) that the lawyer works on your case. Thus, for example, if the lawyer's fee is $100 per hour and the lawyer works 5 hours, the fee will be $500. This is the most typical fee arrangement. Some lawyers charge different fees for different types of work (legal research versus a court appearance). In addition, lawyers working in large firms typically have different fee scales with more senior members charging higher fees than young associates or paralegals.
  • Referral Fee: A lawyer who refers you to another lawyer may ask for a portion of the total fee you pay for the case. Referral fees may be prohibited under applicable state codes of professional responsibility unless certain criteria are met. Just like other fees, the total fee must be reasonable and you must agree to the arrangement. Your state or local bar association may have additional information about the appropriateness of a referral fee.
  • Retainer Fees: The lawyer is paid a set fee, perhaps based on the lawyer's hourly rate. You can think of a retainer as a "down payment" against which future costs are billed. The retainer is usually placed in a special account and the cost of services is deducted from that account as they accrue. Many retainer fees are non-refundable unless the fee is deemed unreasonable by a court. A retainer fee can also mean that the lawyer is "on call" to handle your legal problems over a period of time. Since this type of fee arrangement can mean several different things, be sure to have the lawyer explain the retainer fee arrangement in detail.
  • Statutory Fee: The fees in some cases may be set by statute or a court may set and approve a fee that you pay. These types of fees may appear in probate, bankruptcy, or other proceedings.
With all types of fee arrangements you should ask what costs and other expenses are covered in the fee. Does the fee include the lawyer's overhead and costs or are those charged separately? How will the costs for staff, such as secretaries, messengers, or paralegals be charged. In contingency fee arrangements, make sure to find out whether the lawyer calculates the fee before or after expenses.
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How to Apply for a New GST Registration

If you are a regular dealer or a composite tax payer, you need to do the following for GST registration:

1.    Fill Part-A of Form GST REG-01. Provide your PAN, mobile number, and E-mail ID, and submit the form.
2.    The PAN is verified on the GST Portal. Mobile number, and E-mail ID are verified with a one-time password (OTP).
3.    You will receive an application reference number on your mobile and via E-mail.
4.    Fill Part- B of Form GST REG-01 and specify the application reference number you received. Attach other required documents and submit the form. Following is the list of documents to be uploaded –
5.    Photographs: Photographs of proprietor, partners, managing trustee, committee etc. and authorized signatory
6.    Constitution of taxpayer : Partnership deed, registration certificate or other proof of constitution
7.    Proof of principal / additional place of business :
8.    For own premises – Any document in support of the ownership of the premises like latest property tax receipt or Municipal Khata copy or copy of electricity bill.
9.    For rented or leased premises – copy of rent / lease agreement along with owner’s (landlord) documents like latest property tax receipt or Municipal Khata copy or copy of electricity bill.
10.                       Bank account related proof : Scanned copy of the first page of bank pass book or bank statement
11.                       Authorization forms: For each authorized signatory, upload authorization copy or a copy of resolution of managing committee or board of directors in the prescribed format.
12.                       If additional information is required, Form GST REG-03 will be issued to you. You need to respond in Form GST REG-04 with required information within 7 working days from the date of receipt of Form GST REG-03.
13.                       If you have provided all required information via Form GST REG-01 or Form GST REG-04, a certificate of registration in Form GST REG-06 will be issued within 3 days from date of receipt of Form GST REG-01 or Form GST REG-04.
14.                       If the details submitted are not satisfactory, the registration application is rejected using Form GST REG-05

Casual Registration

A person who occasionally supplies goods and/or services in a territory where GST is applicable but he does not have a fixed place of business. Such a person will be treated as a casual taxable person as per GST.
Example: A person who has a place of business in Bangalore supplies taxable consulting services in Pune where he has no place of business would be treated as a casual taxable person in Pune.

Composition Dealer

This is an option available to small businesses and taxpayers having a turnover less than Rs. 50 lakhs. They can opt for Composition scheme where they will tax at a nominal rate of 1% or 2.50% (for manufacturers) CGST and SGST each (rates will be notified later).
They will be required to maintain much less detailed records and file only 1 quarterly return instead of three monthly returns. However, they cannot issue taxable invoices, i.e., collect tax from customers, but are required to pay the tax out of their own pocket. They cannot also claim any input tax credit.
Composition levy is available to only small businesses. It is not available to interstate sellers, e-commerce traders, and operators.

Applicability

GST will apply when turnover of the business exceeds Rs 20 lakhs (Limit is Rs 10 lakhs for the North Eastern States). [Earlier the limit was Rs 10lakhs and Rs 5lakhs for NE states.]

Migration to GST

All existing Central Excise and Service Tax assessees and VAT dealers will be migrated to GST. To migrate to GST, assessees would be provided a Provisional ID and Password by CBEC/State Commercial Tax Departments.
Provisional IDs would be issued to only those assessees who have a valid PAN associated with their registration. An assessee may not be provided a Provisional ID in the following cases:
1.    The PAN associated with the registration is not valid
2.    The PAN is registered with a State Tax authority and Provisional ID has been supplied by the said State Tax authority.
3.    There are multiple CE/ST registrations on the same PAN in a State. In this case, only 1 Provisional ID would be issued for the 1st registration in the alphabetical order provided any of the above 2 conditions are not met.
The assessees need to use this Provisional ID and Password to login to the GST Common Portal (https://www.gst.gov.in) where they would be required to fill and submit the Form 20 along with necessary supporting documents.

Penalties for Not Registering Under GST

An offender not paying tax or making short payments has to pay a penalty of 10% of the tax amount due subject to a minimum of Rs.10,000. The penalty will be high at 100% of the tax amount when the offender has evaded i.e., where there is a deliberate fraud.
However, for other genuine errors, the penalty is 10% of the tax due.

Multiple Registrations Under GST

A person with multiple business verticals in a state may obtain a separate registration for each business vertical.
PAN is mandatory to apply for GST registration (except for a non-resident person who can get GST registration on the basis of other documents).
A registration which has been rejected under CGST Act/SGST Act shall also stand rejected for the purpose of SGST/CGST act.
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Our sophisticated team has complete knowledge of various exercises and technicalities that are used in our services. Our services includes Strategy Consulting, GST Consulting, Asset Management, Feasibility Study, International Arbitration, Due Dilligence, Franchisee Consulting, Financial Audits, Operational Audits, Tax Heaven Registrations, Shareholder Agreements, Start up Consulting, IP Consulting, Taxation Services, Accounting system design and Mergers Acquisitions.
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